نشریه مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 28، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Banks as money market institutions can play an undeniable role in economic and social categories such as urban development, participation in environmental protection, establishment of medical centers, etc. The present study sought to show to what extent the banking system in Iran is in line with the principles of Islamic-Social Banking (QBLP) and also to what extent the existing system in reducing poverty, ethnic discrimination, gender and concerns. Environment and the implementation of Islamic law has played a role. In this research, a qualitative method has been used and its strategy has been content analysis. The research data has been collected and summarized based on the texts, documents and articles of association of Sepah Bank and the former Ansar Bank.The results showed that the frequency percentage of the four factors of QBLP model based on the coding of the activities of the former Ansar Bank is prophet factor 51%, environment 44%, people 88% and profit 81%. Also, the percentage of frequency of QBLP model factors according to the type of activity in Sepah Bank's articles of association, prophet is 45%, environment is 22%, people are 81% and profit is 81%. The overall results of the study showed that the existing banking system adheres to the four principles of Islamic-social banking, so the gaps in the Iranian banking system are eliminated and the development needs of Muslim communities are met, but environmental concerns are not taken into account as they should be.

Taxation, while influencing the choices of individuals in society, determines the type of government relations with the people and to some extent the quality of the relationship of individuals in society. One of the agendas of economic policymaking is to pay attention to the dimensions and characteristics of desirable or fair tax governance. The purpose of this article is to extract the characteristics of a fair tax system; Accordingly, the question of this research is: "From an Islamic approach, what are the institutional principles or rules of a fair tax governance?" This research is exploratory and does not have a priori assumptions about the characteristics of a fair tax administration; To this end, by focusing on the three main components of governance as well as the three main functions of taxation, we have considered the area of "tax governance". Then, based on our understanding of Islamic justice, the rules that govern each of the nine sections of the tax governance structure. The final result of this study is fifteen rules that govern the various dimensions and levels of the tax governance structure; These rules can be used as a basis for reforming or evaluating a tax system from an Islamic just perspective.

According to the literature and researches, the method of financing economic activities, including the service and trade sectors, play an important role in facilitating economic growth. In this regard, this study has been written with the aim of investigating the effect of exchange contracts on the value added of the service sector.For this purpose, the variables of facilities granted in the form of exchange contracts to the service sector, per capita labor force capital of the service sector, labor productivity in the service sector, facilities granted by other Islamic contracts to the service sector and the ratio of the real government expenditure to real GDP considered as independent variables. The value added of the service sector is also considered as a dependent variable. The period of investigation is from 1363 to 1398 and has an annual frequency in which data is analyzed using the ARDL regression model. The results show that in the long-run, the variables of per capita labor force capital of the service sector and Islamic exchange contracts facilities have a positive and significant effect on the value added of the service sector. In the short-run, independent variables have a positive and significant effect . However, the per capita labor capital of the services and facilities provided in the form of Islamic exchange contracts had the greatest impact on the value added of this sector, and other Islamic facilities have the least impact.

Over the past few years, the issuance of Islamic financial securities (sukuk) in the country's capital market (OTC) has become very popular. The important thing about these securities is that they buy and sell in the secondary market, which may be more or less than their nominal price, and from this perspective, it is risky. Therefore, various sukuk issued in the country's capital market have risks in terms of price fluctuations that should be quantified and bonds should be classified on this basis. Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is one of the risk measures that shows the maximum amount of loss of an asset with a probability q percent (confidence level). Due to the fact that the price of these bonds in the secondary market is determined indefinitely and randomly, so in this study using geometric Brownian motion, the value at risk of conditional risk of the bonds for selected symbols using coding in software MATLAB is calculated. Finally, it is found that on average, the symbols related to participation bonds have the highest value of conditional risk and then are assigned to the symbols of rent and participation, respectively. It is also shown that the amount of price Volatility (σ) is inversely related to the value at conditional risk. The value of the average price (μ) is directly related to the value at risk.

In recent years, the proliferation of hidden liquidity in financial markets has increased dramatically and shifted to the center of regulatory debates and market micro-structure panels. Yet investors, scientists and policy makers are at odds about its implications and the adequate regulatory responses. Hidden order as one of the most used services which acts an important role in leading the prices and depth of transactions in stock markets. Recent researches related to hidden orders are often about Approaching an optimal model, Critical analysis & qualitative researches & Strategies for best execution. But there isn’t still a particular research to study negative points of hidden order separately vs it’s advantages & there is also no typical research that study Islamic principles related to hidden orders. The main question in this research is about Legitimacy of having hidden orders in Islamic stuck markets: can we use hidden orders in Islamic stuck markets based on the rule of prohibition of Gharar in Islamic jurisprudence? The research strategy is general qualitative which has five stage through the reasoning process. Next to describing different aspects of hidden orders, it will be tried to analyze verification of hidden order as a prohibited financial service based on Gharar. So both of analytical and descriptive way as two aspect of research purpose would be applied. During the research, the main approach is based on governmental jurisprudence and policy making. At the end, some contrasts with first-stage juridical principles are evident.

Studies show that Takaful insurance has not been offered in Iran along with conventional insurance. Accordingly, due to the non-provision of Takaful insurance by insurance companies, this article examines the reasons for not accepting Takaful insurance in these companies from the perspective of the organization's readiness indicators. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to develop a model for accepting Takaful insurance in the country's insurance companies in terms of organizational readiness indicators based on the ISM-SEM combination. In order to collect data, two questionnaires were used. The first questionnaire was used to determine the relationships between the components of Takaful insurance acceptance in insurance companies. The second questionnaire was used to test the developed model. The questionnaires used after determining the validity and reliability were distributed among the members of the statistical sample. The research findings in the structural-interpretive modeling section show that the system is considered as the most effective indicator of organizational readiness and employees as the most effective indicator of organizational readiness. Other indicators as communication indicators have less impact and effectiveness than these two indicators. Also, the results of structural modeling have shown the confirmation of the effectiveness and effectiveness of the relationship between the indicators of organizational readiness and the approval of the developed model. The results show that by focusing on effective indicators such as the system, effective indicators can be improved to increase the organization's readiness to accept Takaful insurance.

One of the fundamental issues in the field of the impact of institution and individual on each other is to provide a causal relationship between the individual and the institution, as well as to explain the mechanism and process of interaction between the two. The present research first extracts the causal relationship between the individual and the institution. Then, using the two concepts of "properties and commons" and "difference in wills", it explains the mechanism of influence of individual and institution on each other. Recent work has, firstly, substantiated the result of examining the causal relationship that was identified from person to institution in this study, and secondly, by stating that the influence of the individual and the institution in different situations can take various forms, removes this doubt. It shows that the precedence and latency of an institution or individual, like the parable of the hen and the egg, is not a vicious circle or sequence, but has the possibility of a logical explanation. Finally, the research expresses the application of the model in introducing scenarios that support domestic goods and explains that what kind of relationship between the components of the model can lead to the protection of domestic goods. It should be noted that the present study in the first part has used the method of documentation and libraries and refers to the Holy Quran as the main religious source and in the second part has used the method of scenario writing as a tree of probability.

Each country needs its own development model to achieve economic development goals. Despite the cruel sanctions of the enemies of the Islamic Revolution, the general policies of the resilience economy were proposed by the Supreme Leader to achieve the goals of the Iranian-Islamic model of progress. The model of this research is estimated after performing the tests using the data panel econometric method (estimated generalized squares). The results show that the combined index of resilience economy has a positive effect on the economic growth of Iranian provinces. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of resilience economy including justice-based, knowledge-based economy, endogenous, extroversion and popular and economic growth of Iranian provinces, so that the component of basic justice and knowledge-based economy has the greatest effect on economic growth of Iranian provinces. Therefore, policy makers of Iran's economic development should pay special attention to justice-oriented policies and the promotion of knowledge-based indicators in order to achieve economic prosperity in the provinces of Iran.

Civil Partnership agreement is one of the most widely used contracts in the Iranian banking network, the use of which in practice is usually accompanied by numerous conditions in the contract, which removes the framework of this contract from its partnership nature. This issue has always been criticized and Islamic banking researchers have repeatedly proposed the solution of allocating the use of Civil Partnership contracts to development banks.The main question of this study is: "What are the challenges of applying Civil Partnership contract in Iranian development banks and what alternative solution can be offered in this regard?". To answer this question, the field survey method (case study in a selected development bank), as well as the two-stage Delphi method, are used to gather expert opinions. The research findings show that in practice neither the lender nor the bank have any real intention to partner with each other and their goal is simply "financing at a fixed and predetermined interest rate with minimal risk." Therefore, the widespread use of Civil Partnership contracts faces challenges such as: guaranteeing repayment of principal and interest, non-participation of the bank in losses, pricing the project based solely on expected profits, calculating accrued profits even during the project implementation period and receiving collateral (in relation to Principle, interest, penalties etc.).

Historical-Economical attention to the Emergence of the banking system in the Qajar period and the Confrontation of religious scholars to this modern phenomenon is one of the most important challenges in the Iranian contemporary history, which in addition to confirming the feasibility of Islamic economic models, is a rich source for historical experience in the field of Islamic banking. This research shows that religious scholars in dealing with the bank emergence, have taken three different approaches according to the time conditions. At a time when contacting with the new technological world had not been spread significantly, religious scholars with complete caution and precision, prevented the bank entrance to Iran with a general ban. But after the staggering influx of modern political-economic structures into the country, religious scholars tried to establish an independent national bank based on adapting the banking system, and secondly, to remove its structure from usury so as not to contradict jurisprudence. But after the activity of relative independence in the banking system, the third approach of religious scholars was to design and model socio-economic structures based on religious orders. While commercial banks have the exclusive right to Endogenous money for certain individuals, at this time, the Islamic economic models made it possible, liquidity should be directly available to the real sector of the economy, firstly, and secondly, all members of society should be able to participate in productive economic activities on the basis of collective cooperation, and the resulting wealth should be distributed fairly among them

After the Islamic Revolution and the continuation of the hostile approach of the enemies especially the USA, Iran also had to prepare and confront in all areas. In the economic sphere, the USA in the first years of the revolution put Iran under the pressure of its sanctions, and began extraterritorial sanctions against Iran in 1984, which took effect in 1996 due to legal obstacles. However, most of Iran's sanctions were imposed in 2010, and the monetary and financial system, especially Iranian banks and the Central Bank of Iran, were added to the sanctions list. Swift messengers help facilitate international business transactions by accurately recording financial transaction information. US access to Swift's non-European data center and oversight of all of Iran's international financial transactions have facilitated the imposition of sanctions and the recognition of some bottlenecks to circumvent sanctions. Therefore, Swift can be considered as the most important tool in the hands of the USA to monitor the implementation and exertion of hostile sanctions against Iran. This article, which is based on the analytical-library method written, we intend to evaluation different approaches to the Nafisabil rule, to show in which view the use of centralized international financial messengers, including Swift, can lead to a violation of the Nafisabil rule. Characteristics of decentralized messengers, based on DLT such as blockchain, we will show how these messengers help to implement the Nafisabil rule in the trade relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran by preventing the aristocracy and supervision of the USA.

The issuance of Ijarah Sukuk on condition of ownership based on equity is one of the achievements of the capital market in recent years.These sukuk are important because their underlying assets are transparent and tradable in the market, and their price can be measured continuously. Therefore, sukukholders should be able to enjoy their most important property rights, namely the transfer of sukuk at the current price. but, what can be seen in the design and use of these sukuk is that not only is there no difference in the pricing and trade in process of these sukuk with ordinary Ijarah sukuk, but there are also jurisprudential and economic ambiguities in these sukuk that must be evaluated. Considering the fixed interest rate of Ijarah Sukuk based on equity and classifying benefits based on whether or not they are transferred to the lessee is one of the most important challenges of this type of Ijarah Sukuk.Therefore, considering the importance and position of this type of Ijarah Sukuk, this article presents the challenges and jurisprudential and economic evaluation of the issuance of these sukuk by using the library method and referring to similar studies. According to the evaluation, the interest rate of these sukuk is not fixed for different types of stocks, but it is necessary to determine it in proportion to the earnings of stocks. Dividends on leased shares are among the most important benefits transferred to the lessee, and the rest of the significant benefits, including dividends, remain with the lessor.